Self-study
Among the many temptations of the digital age, manipulation of photographs has proved particularly troublesome for science. █████████ █ ███████ ██ ████████ ███████ █████ █████ █ ████████ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████ ██████ █████████ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ██████████ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ███ █████████ ███████ ██████ ████ ███ ████ ███████████ ██ ████ ████ ████████ ███ █████████ ███████████ ████████ ██████████ █████ ██ █ ██████████ ███████ █████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ████ ████████
Summary
Scientific fraud is a big concern for a particular journal, because dozens of authors have submitted photos in violation of the journal’s guidelines.
Notable Assumptions
There are a few gaps here. Among them:
1) We know that the photos violated the guidelines, but in what way? Violating the guidelines (which we know nothing about) doesn’t necessarily mean it was fraud.
2) Fraud is an intentional lie. We don’t know that these authors had any idea that the photos were manipulated.
15.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████
a
The scientists who █████████ ███████████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ███ ███████ ████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ █████████████
It doesn’t matter if they knew the journal did this. It doesn’t affect whether or not these submissions are considered fraud or not.
b
The journal requires ████ ███ ████████ █████████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ███████ ███████
It is not necessary that the journals require digital images. Whether or not this is a requirement doesn’t change if the images submitted were fraud or not.
c
Scientific fraud is ████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███████ ███████
We don’t need digital images to be the only route to fraud in this field. It’s fine if there are other ways to commit fraud; that doesn’t make it less likely that these particular images are fraud.
d
Many of the ██████████ ███ █████████ ████████ ████ ███████████ ██████ ███ ██ ██ █████ ██ ████████████ ███ ███████████ ████████ ██ █████ ███████
This must be true. If it isn’t, then there was no intent on behalf of the scientist/authors and, even though they violated the journal’s guidelines, it cannot be fraud.
e
Scientific fraud is █ ██████████ ███████ ████ █████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████
This does not need to be a problem unique to cellular biology. If every other realm of science has a fraud problem, that doesn’t affect the conclusion stating that these particular images are fraud.