Self-study
Two doctrines have been greatly influential in this century. ███ █████ █████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██████████ ██ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ███████████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ███ █████████ █████████ █████ ████ ████ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ██████ ███ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███████████ ██ ███ █████ ████████████ ██ ███ ██████
Summary
Doctrine 1 says that explanations of any historical event must appeal to economic factors.
Doctrine 2 tries to explain all historical events in psychological terms.
The author concludes that both doctrines are wrong. Why? Because there are events that were due both to economics and psychological forces.
Notable Assumptions
Why does the author think that the fact some events need both economic and psychological explanations shows that the doctrines are wrong? The author’s line of reasoning doesn’t make sense, because neither of the doctrines say that events are exclusively caused by economics or exclusively caused by psychology. This gets to the core of the author’s assumption. He’s assuming that Doctrine 1 believes events are exclusively explained by economics, and that Doctrine 2 believes events are exclusively explained by psychology.
21.
The argument depends on assuming █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
The first doctrine █████████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ██ ████████████ ██ ██████████ ███████
(A) is necessary, because if it were not true — if Doctrine 1 allows noneconomic factors in explanations of historical events — then the author’s premise wouldn’t show that Doctrine 1 is wrong. The author mistakenly believes that Doctrine 1 doesn’t allow for noneconomic factors; this is why he thinks pointing out some events involve both economic and non-economic factors goes against Doctrine 1.
b
The second doctrine ██████ ██████████ ████ ██ █████████ ████████████
The author doesn’t have to believe Doctrine 2 places importance only on childhood experiences. Doctrine 2 may focus on early childhood experiences, but there’s no indication the author thinks no other psychological experiences are relevant to Doctrine 2.
c
Historical events are ██████████ ██ ████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ██ █████████████ ████████
The author simply points out that some events involve both factors. But one kind of factor can be more influential than the other; that wouldn’t undermine the author’s line of reasoning. To the author, as long as an event involves both factors — regardless of whether they are equally influential or not — that shows both doctrines are wrong.
d
One is likely ██ ████ ████ ████ ████████ ███ █████████████ ████████████ ████ ████ ████████ ███ ███ █████ ██████████ ██████
The author simply points out that there are some events that involve both factors. But the author doesn’t assume that both kinds of explanations are likely to have been proposed for “any” historical event.
e
Appeals to both ████████ ███ █████████████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██████████ █████ █████████
The author simply points out that there are some events that involve both factors. But the author doesn’t assume that both factors are necessary to understand “any” historical event.