The reason I chose E was because I did not read the conclusion of this argument correctly. The conclusion doesn't say frequency of lightning is the only reliable indicator of the altitude of ash clouds, it just says the lightning discharge being the reliable indicator. So using frequency of it to derive conclusions shouldn't preclude other detecting methods such as the size of it.

In order to get this question right, we need to understand what the hypo is. It's easy for us to forget what the hypo is after finishing reading the stimulus. So, the hypo is not that parents feel emotional while singing in front of their infants. That is just the phenomenon. The hypo is that parents' emotion gets translated into the sound of their singing. Therefore, the correct AC better makes some connection between emotion and the sound of singing.

Answer choice A for Q7 is really hard to get rid of. Honestly I think it is reasonable to make this assumption, though on logic we are not allowed. The author already made a point on how King's ideas differed from Thoreau's in the second paragraph. Then he tried to say that King's ideas are more similar to other transcendentalists' than Thoreau's through using that quotation. If Thoreau also agrees on this point, what makes him different from this other transcendentalists in terms of whose ideas being more similar to King's?

I mean under the strict logic I do understand A is not supported, it's just that common sense really bothers me getting rid of it.

P1: limitation vs advocate of government freedom

- The risks of unilateral modification and termination of the contracts, facing foreign investors who are to deal with developing nations' governments is introduced.

- One solution to secure such contracts via subjecting the host governments to general principles is presented.

- Those who advocate for government freedom state that governments inherently possess the power to unilaterally modify or terminate such contracts. And such government contracts are known as administrative contracts.

- The author claims that the advocates' reasoning is flawed at least on two counts (MP)

P2: The first flaw

- Not all government contracts automatically fall within the domain of administrative contracts.

- Government contracts fall within such category by special statute or adding clauses.

- In the event of administrative contracts, foreign investors are protected by the the rule that they will get compensated for the host countries' governments' unilateral actions.

P3: The second flaw

- The French law's regulations on administrative contracts is not universally accepted by the world.

- The practice of the UK and the U.S are used to support the second flaw where the host governments' unilateral power are operated under special provisions instead of being treated as inherent power.

P1: Herbert fails to challenge Rewald

- We are introduced to Rewald's world of French impressionism in which the emphasis is on the style.

- Then we have Herbert trying to challenge Rewarld's world by focusing French impressionism on subject matter rather than style.

- Finally, we get the author's negative attitude towards Herbert's attempt.

P2: Redraw the boundary

- In order to justify his theory, Herbert redraws the boundary of impressionism, resulting in an intentional omission of artists and works that are significant to impressionism.

P3: Rationale undermined

- Herbert's rationale behind his theory is undermined by the fact that impressionism relies on both the style and subject matter.

P1: Reassessment

- Women's participation in the revolutionary events has been given nuanced treatment recently. In the past, it either never got mentioned or focused on very few individuals.

P2: 3 phases

- " The Declaration of the Rights of Women" highlights the phase 1 in which women wrote political tracts, and G felt they were lacking practical effects.

- The emergence of the middle class women's political clubs marks the second phase in which women turned a middle class males' political clubs with a philanthropic function into an independant women's political club advocating for women's participation in the military.

- In the final phase, mass women's movement including seizing food supplies, holding hostages, and implementing democratic politics occurred and crashed by military forces.

- The distinction between before revolutionary events and after revolutionary event in terms of women's participation is whether middle class women gets involved.

P3: Reasons for the collapse of women's movement

- The significance of the recent studies of women's movement lies in its willingness to reveal the reasons of the collapse of women's movement.

- The fact that women don't have their own vocabulary in the domain of politics and have to use an established one interferes with their ability to fight against the suppressing power.

- Women's choice of adopting an radical vocabulary is considered another reason for their collapse.

P4: The authors of the recent studies does a wonderful job of explaining the ins and outs of the women's movement and its collapse. (MP)

P1: Freedom of the seas and state sovereignty

- Before the mid twenties century, open-seas were free for everyone to use. But the adjacent states had sovereignty over the costal water extending 3 miles from their coastal lines. Also to note that even though those states had authority to the 3-mile coastal water, they were not responsible to it, meaning they could choose to regulate any behaviors or activities happening within their costal water or not to completely depending on their willingness.

P2: Limits of sovereignty leading to few jurisdictional conflicts

- Because everyone could conduct any innocent activities such as fishing in the open-seas, and nations could only regulate their own citizens, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations at that time.

P3: Reasons for the lack of standards

- Factors contributed to the lack of standards including a perceived insignificance towards marine pollution, a desire to maximum freedom over the sea, and a lack of technology for exploiting natural resources.

P4: Changes and the future

- Due to the realization of the harm of marine pollution and concern for preservation of natural resources, the international law made some changes to the states' sovereignty over the costal water such as replacing the 3-mile rule with the 200-mile rule. Also, more regulations over human activities in the open-seas are expected to formulate.

P1: Amsden and Navajo weaving

- This paragraph serves as a background information, and we learned about Amsden's grouping Navajo weaving into 4 styles with the last type to be very distinct from the previous ones.

P2: Anglo influence

- Amsden believes that the diamond style (the third style) was influenced by Anglo influence, and the bordered style (the fourth one) was greatly influenced by Anglo influence in that it focuses on the patterns which are hated by the Navajo but favored by the Anglo.

P3: Radical break

- Amsden argues that the bordered style was a radical break from the previous ones because the bordered style involves isolated features whereas the previous styles not.

P4: No radical revisions

- Amsden's argument was challenged by several questions, and the first one was regarding to what counts as style changes. Some argued that style changes had to have radical revisions of weaving habits, which was not exhibited among the Navajo.

P5: No break in psychology

- The second challenge indicated that in order to have a style change, there would have to be a different psychology. But the psychology was consistent among the Navajo styles.

P6: No significant stylistic gap

- The third challenge was that there were some in-between styles between the third and fourth styles to allow a smooth transition to happen.

P1: 2 criteria for the abuse of monopoly power

- Monopoly power refers to the companies being able to raise price above its competitive level without losing many customers. To qualify for the abuse of monopoly power, 2 criteria have to be met. One is that the company has to have monopoly power, the other is that the company must use that power to exclude competition in the monopolized market or related market.

P2: Market share being a rough indicator for monopoly power

- Because the companies' having large market share of a wide range of related products is likely to raise price above the competitive level without losing many consumers, courts tend to use market share to determine if a company possesses monopoly power.

P3: The distinction between the use of monopoly power and abuse of such power

- To have monopoly power is fine, and to use that power to raise profits is also fine. An example of a company's using low production cost and high volume of products to occupy the market and drive other competitors out of the market is used to explain that merely possessing the monopoly power or to use it reasonably does not violate the antitrust law.

P4: Tying arrangement

- What is not okay is to use the monopoly power to exclude competitors in a unnatural way such as through the tying arrangement, which is to manipulate another market by setting conditions on the transactions within the current market.

P5: The purpose of the antitrust law

- The purpose of the antitrust law is to protect consumers' welfare, and that's why the focus of it is on the abuse of monopoly power, rather than the power per se. Consumers may benefit from companies' using monopoly power via low prices and connivence. Yet, the abuse of monopoly power will hurt consumers' benefit.

P1: The fundamental question

- Historians need to solve the fundamental question, the discrepancy between what the scientists actually did and what they claimed that they did, in order to study the 17th scientific work that was done in the lab.

P2: The discrepancy is huge

- The example of Bolyle employing a lot of labors to work for him and not crediting their work is used to shown the reality of the discrepancy.

P3: Why the discrepancy

- Several reasons that are contributing to this discrepancy including the historical tendency to view scientific discovery as individual insight rather than cooperative work, the traditional contempt for manual labor, and the biases resulting from the paid workers economic and political dependence from their employers.

P1: The astronomers believed in the past that asteroids traveled the sun without satellites because they assumed such a pattern to be unstable, whereas the theoreticians considered it possible.

P2: There are observations suggesting the existence of the asteroid-satellites pattern.

P3: The Herculina event increased people's confidence towards such a pattern.

P4: After the Herculina event, reports of such a pattern went wild to a point that were beyond the maximum would be allowed.

P5: Astronomers who still doubt such a pattern say that they will be convinced by a photoelectric record with a well behaved secondary event.

P1: Background of the ambiguity of the division of powers in the absence of war between the president and the congress

- The constitution doesn't say explicitly to what extent the president can exercise discretion in the absence of war. However, the congress enacted a law in 1973, the War Powers Resolution of 1973, to reclaim its role in these undefined situations.

P2: Presidents' history of absolute behavior led to the 1973 Act.

- Presidents chose to ignore the congress and make their own decisions when engaging troops in undeclared war situations, which annoyed the congress and caused it to make a the 1973 Act to limit presidents' power.

P3:Details about the Act

- In cases of undeclared wars, the president needs to consult with the congress and report to it within 48 hours after the deployment of troops.

- Also, the congress gets to veto the president's decision and make the president pull back the troops within 60 days.

P1: 3 adaptive responses are introduced and 2 of them are described and compared.

- Regulatory, acclimatory, and developmental are the 3 basic adaptive responses, all of which may exhibit physiology changes and function modifications. R refers to the increase or decrease of a physiology apparatus, and A refers to structure changes, that takes more time to happen than R. Also, both R and A are reversible.

P2: developmental response is introduced and exemplified by water bugs' two generation cycles.

- D is usually irreversible and occurs when environmental changes happen. Water bugs experience two generations within a year. The first generation being hatched in the spring and lay eggs in the summer and then dies. And the second generation being hatched in late summer and lay eggs in early spring. The second generation (overwinter) have fully developed wings so they could fly away to avoid the coldness, whereas among the first generation, some have full wings, some have small wings. That's because sometimes in summer the ponds dry up and will force the water bugs to fly away to avoid the dryness in order to survive.

P3: developmental response is determined by environment conditions, and the water bugs' wing size being affected by temperatures serves as a proof.

- Since among the first generation, despite the fact that they are all hatched in late spring, some are formed in early spring and others fall, some develop big wings and some small wings depending on whether the eggs have exposed to the coldness. If they do like the fall eggs, they develop small wings otherwise big wings.

P1: Author thought Stilgoe's argument unconvincing (Main point)

-Stilgoe claimed that the prevailing view towards railroad in 1830 was negative, but such negativity was gone and replaced by a positive attitude from 1880 to 1930. But the author said those two arguments were wrong.

P2: Author thought Stilgoe's first claim to be nuanced and not representative.

-The 'romantic era distrust' being the main public attitude in 1830 as pointed out by Stilgoe was nuanced and not representative to the public attitude according to the author in that such attitude was not towards the railroad per se, but the economic and social order behind it; and such attitude was held by a minority of people.

P3: Author thought Stigoe's second claim to be wrong.

-The evidence Stilgoe offered to prove that such distrust attitude had gone during 1880 to 1930 was not helpful because there're contradictories.

The passage talks about an African American poem writer, Langston Hughes, and how he broke the two established tradition for African American literature writers. Instead of being Europeanized in terms of the language and themes as other African American artists did to make their work accepted, Langston Hughes decided to combine a preservation of the oral traditions and common features of black folk culture, and an innovation of his developed language styles (irony and humor.)

The key here is to understand the relationship that the cave is completely filled with seawater and how the stony pillar is formed. The fact that the stony pillar is formed by the water drops repeatedly falling onto the same spot on the cave floor indicates that the cave is not completely filled with seawater. As the stimulus mentions that now the cave is completely filled with seawater, we get to infer that the seawater in the cave now is higher than it previously was.

I’m interested too, and my email is: hujianhong123@magdielkobe35.com

By the way, I’m in Hawaii and I just took the August Flex last week. I might also take the November one if I don’t get my goal score.

For question 7, I was struggling to choose between B and D and end up picking D. The reason that I tend to like D more is it emphasized the fact that the marketing of wild fish, which would result in high catch rate of wild fish, would end up canceling the positive effects fish farming had on wild fishing. And I think that's the main point of the passage. Whereas B just saying there's both good and bad things about fish farming without making a value judgement between the two.

This question is very interesting. After reading the stimulus, I felt something was wrong, but I was not able to tell how. Morever, none of the answer choices seemed right to me. J.Y did a fantastic job explaining the subtlety of this question. It's really hard to see that the 40% 20% 40% in the premise are getting manipulated in the conclusion. In the premise, those percentages represent people's preferences towards the legislecture as a whole, not individuals' preferences to the percentages of the legislecture.

I misread the stimulus and took the average age being increased from 52 to 57 to be the conclusion. Ahhh,,, I need to read the stimulus more carefully.