@Windy I had a lot of trouble with negate, I used to "opposite" things instead of negate, which can cause problems like in 3 here.

Negating the two parts of #3 gives you "people do not buy and use less" and "things do not cost more". Which is different than making them the opposite (buy and use more/cost less). Because, for example, "will not buy and use less" could mean buy and use more OR buy and use the same amount. I got this "formula" wrong on practice tests before and now after this section I see why.

Basically, I stopped thinking of these as language and treated them like math. It ends up being really clunky English but the logic is right. Or at least I think so lol

@AlenaKane How I got it to sort of click, if you flip them it is still 'true' if you negate both sides. If you're visual, pause the video around 14:10, that graphic helped me a lot.

To go back to the Texas example: If you are in Texas you are in the US. But if you flip the two AND you also 'negate' them it is still true: If you are not in the US, you are not in Texas.

Something I've noticed with the LSAT. Every other standardized multiple choice test I take, if I change my answer from my initial gut feeling I usually get it wrong. But on these I usually get it right when I change. Interesting

@OmarKhayat This was the one I got wrong too. And I 100% agree with you, but maybe we're reading too much into it? I can see how if it was "Human communication is a universal phenomenon that has existed across different civilizations over time. Linguists have discovered the existence of traditional languages from various regions and eras." Or if you took out "of traditional languages". Because then it could be a comparative analysis of something besides communication. But I agree, saying "comparative analyses" implies to me that there are languages across various regions and eras, which means across different civilizations over time.