... constant coherent fashion as the argument progresses
• Ad ... or source rather than the argument itself
• Circular ... Distorting or refashioning the argument, making it weaker in ... argument: stimulus is valid, answer must be valid; stimulus is not valid ...
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But seriously I think an argument can be made for both ... it could simultaneously have a valid and invalid contrapositive. However, once ... know whether its contrapositive is valid or not.
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For NA: each argument has multiple potential necessary assumptions ... if the argument has any chance at being valid (which ... correct answer should destroy the argument without a doubt. argument, rather than rushing through ...
Flash cards are definitely the way to go if you're trying to memorise them. Having the valid and invalid forms on index cards, and drilling them together helped me, that way I had to actually think about it rather than just look at it.
Right @nye8870, it's especially helpful for tricky parallel flaw questions! It's best to know that A-->B, B most C, therefore A most C is an invalid argument form rather than thinking "hmm this doesn't match up with my recollection of valid arguments."
... hypothetical could weaken an argument because it capitalizes on ... something the argument fails to consider. A ... hypothetical could strengthen an argument if it blocks a ... anything to make the argumentvalid in Sufficient Assumption questions ...
... in order to make the argument better or worse (depending on ... choice address the assumptions the argument is making? What assumptions does ... assumptions/might not make the argument completely valid, but they are "less ...