The author gives his explanation of how a process should work (cars being taxed in proportion to the danger they pose), identifies the most objective way to measure what that process should be based on (speed determining how dangerous a car is), and moves to a conclusion about how that measure should be the sole determinant of how that system works (ability to accelerate single-handedly determining how much a car is taxed).

This commits the same two flaws as the stimulus: (A) treats two words with different meanings like they’re the same (”speed” and “acceleration”) and says that because speed is the best determinant of how dangerous a car is, speed should be the sole determinant of how much a car is taxed.

No flaw. If people should be granted autonomy in proportion to their maturity, you can make the argument that the psychological test should be used to determine whether someone should be granted autonomy.

Wrong flaw. (C) describes how we should determine how much someone should be taxed (based on how many benefits they receive from the government), points out that large corporations receive subsidies, then erroneously concludes that a just tax would require corporations to pay a greater share of their income than individual citizens. However, without knowing what benefits individual citizens receive from the government, we can’t justify this conclusion. In the stimulus, meanwhile, the political philosopher treats different words as the same and says the most objective measure of something should be the only determinant of something else.

Wrong flaw. (D) commits a cookie-cutter “analogies that aren’t analogous enough” flaw. (D) says that because those who confer large material benefits upon society should have high incomes, and those with high incomes should pay high taxes, activities that confer large benefits upon society should be taxed highly. Individuals and activities aren’t the same, so this analogy fails. In the stimulus, meanwhile, no analogies are made.

No flaw. If health care should be given in proportion to each individual’s need, then it follows that we need to ensure that the most seriously ill hospital patients are given the highest priority in receiving health care.