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Scientists once believed that the oversized head, long hind legs, and tiny forelimbs that characterized . █████████████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ███████████ █████████ ████████ ████ ██████ ████ ███ ██ ██████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████████ ████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ███ █████████ ███ ████ ███ █████████████ ███ ███████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author tells us that scientists used to believe some of the T. rex's distinctive features, like its oversized head and small forelimbs, were adaptations to accommodate its large size and weight. This is a causal theory: the reason behind the development of these features was the T. rex's size. More recently, a skeleton has been discovered of a dinosaur that lived earlier than T. rex and was much smaller and lighter, but had the same characteristic features. Based on this discovery, which seems to suggest that the T. Rex's characteristic features can occur even without large size and weight, the author concludes that the scientists' earlier theory has to be abandoned. In other words, the author concludes that the T. Rex's large size and weight were not the driving factors behind the development of its characteristic features.
Points to Evaluate
Notice that the author assumes we can legitimately compare the T. Rex and the newly discovered dinosaur, and that there are no factors that would make such a comparison impossible. But the author's argument is based only on a single specimen, which we don't necessarily know much about. As we evaluate this argument, it would be useful to know if there are any unusual circumstances or traits of this specimen that might change our interpretation of the data. It would also be useful to know if the same traits can develop in different species for different reasons: in other words, if it is still possible for the T. Rex to have developed these traits because of its size and weight, even if the earlier dinosaur developed them for some other reason. The author assumes this is impossible.
22.
The answer to which one ██ ███ █████████ █████████ █████ ████ ████ ██ ██████████ ███ █████████
a
Was the ratio ██ ███ ████ ████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██ ████ ███ ██ ████
b
At what stage ██ ███ ████ ███ ███ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ████
c
Was T. rex ███ ███████ ███ ████████ ███████████ █████████
d
Was the species ██ █████ ███ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ████████ ███████ ██ ██ ████
e
Did the recently ██████████ ████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ███