Self-paced
Passage A.
P1
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Whorf's claim ·
Native language limits how we think
Weaken Whorf's claim ·
Claim lacks any evidence
P2
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New hypothesis ·
Native language emphasizes certain thinking
Contrast this with Whorf's claim. Whorf said language closes doors on how we think; author says actually, language just pushes us toward certain doors.
Example ·
Of hypothesis in action
Thinking of neighbors along gender lines.
P3
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Effect of grammatical gender ·
People think differently about an object depending on its word's gender
Illustration of effect ·
Masculine words associated with masculine traits; same for feminine words and feminine traits
Examples of various words in German and Spanish. Different word genders produced different associations.
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P4
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Passage B topic ·
How language influences numerical reasoning
This passage also looks at how language affects thinking, but focuses on numeracy
Describe study ·
Subjects lack precise language for number but still have some concept of number
P5
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Implications of study ·
Concept of number does not rely on language for number
Supports a "non-Whorfian" view; i.e., native language does not limit how we think.
Author's clarification ·
Subjects had concept of number but may not have been fully "numerate" (numerically literate)
Author's perspective ·
Study results open to wide interpretation
Having language for number either allows for precise numeracy (Whorfian view) or at least pushes one's thinking in that direction (non-Whorfian, consistent with the views passage A's author).
Passage Style
25.
Which one of the following ██ ████ █████ ███ ████████████ ███████ ███ ███ █████████
a
Passage A presents ████████ ██ █████████ ████ ███████ ███████ ██ ██████████ █████ ███████ ███████ █ ████████ ████████ ██ █████████ ████ ███████ ███████ ██ ████████████ █████
Passage A doesn’t present language that “picture reality in compatible ways.” The issue of compatibility of languages isn’t brought up. There’s no suggestion that one language might be incompatible with another. The discussion of German and Spanish simply involves languages that can create different feelings or associations with certain concepts. But whether one language is compatible with another is a different issue.
b
Passage A depicts ████████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ ███████ ███████ █ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████████
Passage B doesn’t discuss grammatical structure and how grammar can influence thought. What it does discuss is whether numerical language can influence thought.
c
Passage A regards ██████████ ███████████ ██ █████████ ██████ █████████████ ███████████ ███████ ███████ █ ███████ ████ ██ █ ████████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██████████████
Passage A doesn’t suggest mutual understanding between different languages is “impossible.” It doesn’t suggest that German speakers can’t understand Spanish speakers, or vice versa.
d
Passage A portrays ██████████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ████████████ ███████ ███████ █ ████████ ██████████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ████ ██████████ ████████████
Passage A doesn’t suggest linguistic differences are caused by conceptual differences. Rather, Passage A rejects the idea that language constrains thought. But it doesn’t support the belief that thoughts can affect languages.
e
Passage A focuses ██ ███████████ ██ ██████████ ██████████ █████████████ ███████ ███████ █ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ █████████
This isn’t what we expected, but it’s the only accurate answer. Passage A does indeed focus on differences in