The publisher of a best-selling self-help book had, in some promotional material, claimed that it showed readers how to become exceptionally successful. ██ ███████ ████████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███████████ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ███████████ ████████ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █████ ████ ███ █████████ █████████ ████ █ █████ ██████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ██ ██████████ █████████ ██ ████ █████
We shouldn’t consider the publisher’s false claim (about promising exceptional results to readers) to be unethical. Why not? Because everyone knows that, by definition, it’s impossible for many people to achieve an “exceptional” result. (If it’s exceptional, it must be rare!)
The author makes two key assumptions:
(1) That the publisher expected the book to be read by many people. (If the publisher didn’t think many people would actually read the book, then it doesn’t matter whether it’s impossible to promise exceptional results to many people.)
(2) That if everyone knows that a claim can’t possibly be true, it’s not unethical to make that false claim.
We’re looking for a principle that strengthens. Principles are often conditional rules, so an answer that supplies assumption (2), or its contrapositive, is a good prediction.
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