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passage 4
P1
Scientists typically advocate the analytic method of studying complex systems: systems are divided into component parts that are investigated separately. ███
Scientists' perspective ·
Analytic method
For complex systems, divide into component parts and study each part.
Critics' perspective ·
System loses complexity when parts are studied separately
Critics' new concept ·
Organicism
The whole determines the parts, and the parts are interdependent. ("Perceived" weaknesses suggests author will later say these weaknesses in analytic method were not real.)
P2
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Basis of organicism ·
Theory of internal relations
Entities have relationships with each other only if they're part of a whole that contains the entities. Relationships alter each entity, and relationships determine defining characteristics of an entity.
P3
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Critique of internal relations theory ·
Not all characteristics of an entity define that entity
Entities can have relationships that don't change the entities.
P4
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Additional critique of internal relations theory ·
Makes acquiring knowledge impossible
According to the theory, to known an entity, you have to know all of its relationships. But that seems impossible to do.
P5
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Origin of organicism ·
Didn't understand the analytic method
Analytic method doesn't involve studying individual parts in complete isolation from the whole. Scientists still studied laws and initial conditions of the whole system.
Main point ·
Rejection of organicism
No valid reason to abandon analytic method. Organicists didn't show that we can't discover the laws and initial conditions of complex systems.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
23.
According to the passage, organicists' █████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ██████
a
oversimplified systems by █████████ █████ ██████████
b
assumed that a ██████ ███ ██ ███████ ████ █████████ █████
c
ignored the laws ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ █████
d
claimed that the █████ ██ █ ██████ ███ ████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ █ █████
e
denied the claim ████ ████████ █████ ████ █████████████