Self-study
Nicotine has long been known to cause heart attacks and high blood pressure. ███ █ ██████ █████ ███ █████ ████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ███████ ███ ████ █████ ████████ ██ █████████████ ██████ █████ █████████ ███████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ████ █████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███████ ████████
"Surprising" Phenomenon
Why do cigarette smokers who do not chew tobacco have a higher incidence of heart attacks and high blood pressure than nonsmokers who chew tobacco (and who are exposed to the same amount of nicotine)?
Objective
The right answer will be a hypothesis that does not offer a useful difference between cigarette smokers who do not chew tobacco and nonsmokers who chew tobacco. The incorrect answers will offer useful differences between these two groups, providing reasons for why the cigarette smokers showed a higher incidence of heart attacks and high blood pressure, even though both groups were exposed to the same amount of nicotine.
17.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ █████ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ ███████████ █████████ ██████
a
People who smoke ███ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ ███ ██ ███ ██████
This could help resolve the discrepancy. The nonsmokers who chew tobacco exercise more, which presumably lowers their risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure compared to the smokers who do not chew tobacco.
b
Chemicals other than ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ █████████ █████ ████████ ███ ███████ ████ ████████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████████ ███████
This could help resolve the discrepancy. The nonsmokers who chew tobacco ingest chemicals that mitigate nicotine’s harmful effects, while the smokers do not. This could decrease the risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure in nonsmokers who chew tobacco.
c
People who chew ███████ ███ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██ ████ █████████ █████ ████ █████ ███ █████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ████████
This could help resolve the discrepancy. The healthier diets of the nonsmokers who chew tobacco presumably decrease their risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure compared to the smokers who do not chew tobacco.
d
Chemicals other than ████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ █████████ █████ ███ █████ ███████
This would not help resolve the discrepancy, and is therefore the correct answer. (D) discusses cancer, not heart attacks and high blood pressure.
e
Chemicals other than ████████ ███████ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ █████ █████████
This could help resolve the discrepancy. If cigarette smokers are ingesting chemicals that raise blood pressure, it would help explain why they have a higher incidence of high blood pressure.