No flaw. If the right ingredients are properly combined and baked in a reliable oven, then one will have a well-baked cake. It therefore follows that, since Emily has properly combined the right ingredients, she’ll have a well-baked cake if she uses a reliable oven.

Wrong flaw. This provides a sufficient condition for producing a moist and sweet dish, but leaps to draw a conclusion about what George will do based on what he desires. This reasoning is flawed because George may be unaware of this sufficient condition, or he may simply use a different method. The stimulus, in contrast, doesn’t shift to make a claim about what actions one will take; it simply fails to trigger a sufficient condition.

No flaw. This effectively triggers both sufficient conditions (Andrew thoroughly chilled his pie dough and used ice water), so its conclusion is properly inferred.

This fails to trigger a sufficient condition. To ensure that a soup will be welcome at dinner, it should be made with well-seasoned meat stock. It’s possible that Arnold forgot the seasoning, meaning we can’t conclude that his soup will be welcome.

Wrong flaw. This mistakes a sufficient condition for a necessary one. Fresh, carefully-washed greens will ensure a refreshing salad, but it remains possible that a salad could still be refreshing without washed greens. The stimulus fails to trigger a sufficient condition; it doesn’t mistake it for a necessary one.