Self-paced
Sarah: Some schools seek to foster a habit of volunteering in their students by requiring them to perform community service. ███ █████ █ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ █████████ ███ ███ ██████ ███████████ ███ █████ ███ █████ ██ ████████████ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ████ ████████ ██ █ ██████ ███ ███ ███ ███ ███████████ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████
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Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Sarah has just claimed that the policy some schools have of requiring students to do community service cannot succeed in fostering a habit of volunteering. This is based on the premises that if someone is forced to do something, they haven't volunteered for it, and that, if someone hasn't yet volunteered for something, they can't be said to have a habit of volunteering.
Paul disagrees with Sarah's conclusion: in other words, he believes the policy these schools enforce can, at least in some cases, succeed in fostering a habit of volunteering in students. As evidence, he points out that sometimes when students are forced to participate in community service, they enjoy it enough that they subsequently actually volunteer to do something similar.
22.
The main point at issue ███████ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███████
a
there are any █████████████ █████ █████ ██ ██████████ ██████ ██ ███████ █ ████ ███ █████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ █████████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ████ ████
Incorrect. Again, Paul never disagrees with Sarah that if someone is forced to do something, they haven't volunteered. He just thinks that forcing someone to do community service now might make them actually volunteer to do it in the future.
b
being forced to ███████ █████████ ███████ ███ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████
Incorrect. Sarah and Paul aren't disagreeing about whether students enjoy being forced to do community service. Paul mentions students enjoying community service, but only to set up his claim that such students might end up genuinely volunteering to do community service in the future — not because Sarah thinks students can never enjoy being forced to do community service.
c
being forced to ███████ █████████ ███████ ███ ██ ██████ █████████ █ ███████ █████ ██ ████████████ ██ █████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████
Correct. Sarah makes it clear that "this policy" — i.e., the policy of requiring students to perform community service — has "no way" to "succeed by itself": i.e., on its own, requiring students to perform community service will never foster a genuine habit of volunteering.
Paul, meanwhile, thinks forcing students to perform community service now can bring about a genuine habit of volunteering in some students later on. Thus, unlike Sarah, he thinks there are some situations where the policy of requiring students to perform community service "can clearly be said to have fostered a habit of volunteering."
d
it is possible ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ██ ████████████ ██ █████ ████████
Incorrect. This is a tricky answer choice. The reason (D) doesn't work is that neither Sarah nor Paul is talking about other potential policies. They're disagreeing over one specific policy, the policy of requiring students to perform community service. Neither of them says anything about whether it is possible for schools to develop other policies that foster the habit of volunteering.
e
students who develop █ █████ ██ ████████████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ █████████ ███████ █████ ██ █████ █████
Incorrect. Neither Sarah nor Paul is talking about what happens to students who have already developed a habit of volunteering while in school. They're disagreeing over whether a certain policy can cause students to develop this habit in the first place.