Self-study
P1
Between June 1987 and May 1988, the bodies of at least 740 bottlenose dolphins out of a total coastal population of 3,000 to 5,000 washed ashore on the Atlantic coast of the United States. █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ ███████ ████████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Almost a thousand dolphins washed ashore dead
Presumably many more died and didn't wash ashore. What caused this?
Phenomenon Details ·
Skin lesions; internal lesions in the liver, lung, pancreas, and heart
Evidence of massive opportunistic bacterial infection of already weakened animals.
P2
███████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ████████ ███ █ ███████ ██ ███████ ███████████ █ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ████████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ███ ██ █████████ ████████ ███████ █████ ███ █████████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ███████████████ █████████ ██████ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ ███████
Phenomenon Details ·
Autopsy found presence of brevetoxin and PCBs (synthetic pollutants)
P3
███ ████████ ████ █████████ ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████ ███
Hypothesis ·
Brevetoxin poisoning
Causal Mechanism ·
Alga bloom, toxin, stress, release of synthetic pollutants, bacterial infection
Unusual bloom of P. brevis resulted in toxin accumulation in fish which was then eaten by dolphin. Dolphins then metabolized blubber which reduced their buoyancy and insulation and released synthetic pollutants (PCBs). This provided opportunity for bacterial infection which ultimately caused death.
P4
███ ███████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ██████ ██████████ ████████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ██ ███████ ███████ ██ █ ███████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ████████ █████ █████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ █████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ████████ ███ ████████ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██ ████████ ███ ████████ ███████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ██ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ██ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ██ █████ ████████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ███
Critique ·
No die-off in Gulf of Mexico; timing and location mismatch; brevetoxin effects unknown
Red tides are common in Gulf of Mexico but no dolphin die-off there; dolphins began dying in the north in June yet red tide bloomed in the south in October; effects of brevetoxin on dolphins are unknown.
Alternative Hypothesis ·
Exposure to synthetic pollutants
Sudden influx of pollutants triggered a cascade of problems in dolphins already heavily laden with PCB poisoning which is known to include symptoms like impaired immune system, impaired liver function, and skin lesions, all of which were observed.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
16.
Which one of the following ██ ████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████████
a
A physics teacher ███████ ███ ████ ████ █ █████████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ ████████████
This is good high-level analogy for how the author treats the research laid out in P3. She doesn’t challenge any of the data presented by the researchers, but in P4, she calls their conclusion into question (by weakening the cause-effect relationship proposed by the researchers).
b
An astronomer provides ██████████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ███████ ████████████ ███████
This describes adding new information to support an existing theory. But the author doesn’t support the researchers’ theory—she adds observations that
c
A cook revises █ ███████████ ██████ ██ ████████████ ██████ ███████████ ███ █████ ████ ██ ███ █████████
This is analogous to revising a theory by subbing in updated evidence. But the author doesn’t try to revise the researchers’ brevetoxin theory by updating the evidence for the that theory. Rather, she weakens their theory before presenting a competing theory.
d
A doctor prescribes ██████████ ███ █ ███████ █████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███████ ███████
This describes recommending a solution to a problem, when that problem was previously incorrectly identified by someone else. But the author doesn’t recommend any solutions—she just questions the researchers’ hypothesis before offering an alternative hypothesis. (D) would be a better analogy if it were just about a doctor questioning or rejecting another doctor’s diagnosis.
e
A microbiologist sets ███ ██ █████████ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████ █ ███████ ██████ ██ ████ ██████████
This describes replicating famous past research. But the author doesn’t try to replicate what the dolphin researchers did. She accepts their observations and then rejects their theory about what those observations mean.