This could be false. It could be that the Public Works Department operates differently in a manner not characteristic to nonbureaucratic or bureaucratic organizations. The stimulus does not offer enough information for us to know what “differently” means in practice.

This could be false. We know all bureaucratically controlled organizations are hierarchical, but we cannot assume this relationship goes both ways. As shown in the diagram, we assume it is a one-way relationship.

This could be false. There may be some information one can gather from the fact that an organization is hierarchical—maybe all hierarchical organizations share certain qualities. We know, however, that there are some qualities they do not all share.

This must be true. We know the Public Works Department is hierarchical and it operates differently from other hierarchical organizations. Therefore, (D) must be true.

This could be false. The stimulus does not suggest a company’s operations are unaffected by whether it is bureaucratically controlled or not. The stimulus only says that a company being hierarchical doesn’t tell us everything there is to know about its operations.