Self-study
P1
By the mid-fourteenth century, professional associations of canon lawyers (legal advocates in Christian ecclesiastical courts, which dealt with cases involving marriage, inheritance, and other issues) had appeared in most of Western Europe, and a body of professional standards had been defined for them. ███
Intro topic ·
Professional associations of canon lawyers in the mid-14th century
These are lawyers in Christian religious courts. They had professional standards and were common in Western Europe.
Puzzling phenomenon ·
The associations didn't have big role in enforcing professional standards
Some even tried to stop efforts to enforce standards (example: Florentine guild).
P2
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Two potential hypotheses ·
Lawyers almost never violated standards, or disciplinary mechanisms were inefficient
P3
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Author's perspective ·
Disciplinary mechanisms were probably inefficient
Support 1 ·
English civil courts (non-religious) have much more disciplinary action
Those courts had ethical standards similar to the religious courts. So, disparity in number of disciplinary actions is probably due to religious courts' inefficient enforcement mechanisms. It's unlikely that religious lawyers were simply much more unethical than civil lawyers.
P4
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Support 2 ·
Lots of complaints by church authorities about unethical lawyers and inefficient disciplinary system
P5
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Result of complaints (related to support 2) ·
Induced religious lawyers to defend themselves from criticism
Complaints may have encouraged lawyers to form professional associations and to de-prioritize disciplining fellow lawyers.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
7.
Which one of the following ████ ██████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
Professional organizations of ████████ █████ ███████ ████████ ████ ████████ ███████ █████████ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ████████ ██ ██ ██ ██ ███████ ███████████
This doesn’t capture the author’s explanation for the inefficient disciplinary enforcement of canon lawyer associations. In addition, it’s unsupported, because we have no reason to think the associations “only” enforced ethical standards when provoked by outside criticism. We have reason to think the associations would strengthen their defense of their own members when facing criticism.
b
Professional organizations of ████████ █████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ██████████ ████████ ███████ █████████ ███ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████████████ █████████████ ██ ████████ █████ ████████
This may be supported, but it’s not the overall main point. This doesn’t capture the author’s explanation for the inefficient disciplinary enforcement of canon lawyer associations.
c
Professional organizations of ████████ █████ ███████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ ███████ ███████ ████████ ███████ ██████ ████ ██ ███████ ███████ ██████████
This best captures the
d
The ethical standards ██████████ ██ ████████████ ████████████ ██ ████████ █████ ███████ ████ ███████ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██████████████
This may be supported, but it’s not the overall main point. This doesn’t capture the author’s explanation for the inefficient disciplinary enforcement of canon lawyer associations.
e
Ethical standards for ████████ █████ ███████ ████ ███ ████ ████ █████ ████████████ █████████████ ███ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ███████
This doesn’t capture the author’s explanation for the inefficient disciplinary enforcement of canon lawyer associations.