Self-study
P1
Long after the lava has cooled, the effects of a major volcanic eruption may linger on. ██ ███ ██████████ █ ████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ████ █████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ███ █████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████ █ ████████ █████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███
Researcher's perspective ·
Effects of a major volcanic eruption can chill Earth by blocking sunlight
Researcher's example ·
Tambora volcano eruption in 1815
Some think this caused colder weather in parts of North American the next year.
P2
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Mass and Portman (M and P) perspective ·
Volcano effect on climate not as strong as previously believed
Complicating factor ·
El Nino can magnify the apparent cooling effect of a volcano
El Nino causes temporary warming, which fades away. If eruption happens during warming, that might hide the actual effect of the volcano. But, if eruption happens while El Nino warming is fading away, that makes effect of eruption seem larger than it is.
P3
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Correcting for complicating factor ·
Show volcanos don't cause as much cooling as previously thought
After M and P subtracted effect of El Nino, found (1) minor eruptions have no discernible effect on temperature; (2) major eruptions cause smaller drop than expected in hemisphere of the eruption, and an even smaller drop in the other hemisphere.
P4
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Other researchers' perspective ·
Climatic feedback loops can make small cooling effect turn into larger one
Climatic feedback loop ·
Small temperature drop leads to causal chain of effects that could lead to major cooling in a region
Delayed melting of snow leads to more sunlight reflected, which affect jet stream...at this point I'm not focusing too much on the details. We can come back to this paragraph if we're asked about the climatic feedback loop.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
10.
To which one of the █████████ ██████████ █████ ███ ███████ ██ █ ████████ █████ ██ ██ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ████████
a
An increase in ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █████ ███████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ █████
This is the only answer that involves one thing (increase in amount of decaying matter) leading to more of the same thing (further increases the amount of decaying matter).
b
An increase in ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ █████ ████████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ███ █████
This doesn’t involve one thing leading to an increase in the same kind of thing — here, an increase in wolves leads to an increase in other animals.
c
An increase in ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ██ ████ █████████ ███ █████████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████ █████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ █████ █████ ██████ ████ █████████████ ██ ████ ████ █████
This doesn’t involve one thing leading to an increase in the same kind of thing — here, an increase in rains leads to an increase in opportunities to prey on deer.
d
An increase in ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███ █████ ████████████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ █████████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████ █████████ ███ █████ ███████████ ██ ████████ █████████
This doesn’t involve one thing leading to an increase in the same kind of thing — here, an increase in sunlight leads to something that ends up blocking sunlight.
e
An increase in ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██████ ██ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████
This doesn’t involve one thing leading to an increase in the same kind of thing — here, an increase in electric lights leads to a decrease in bats.