Self-study
Support The only motives that influence all human actions arise from self-interest. ██ ██ ██████ ██████████ ████ █████████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ███████
Summarize Argument
The author concludes that self-interest is the main influence on human actions because all motives that influence all human actions come from self-interest.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The author reasons that because motives that influence all human actions arise from self-interest, self-interest is the primary influence on human action, which is a fallacious assumption.
How do we know that self-interest is the principal influence on human actions just because self-interest is the basis for motives that influence all human actions? The author doesn’t say, so his argument fails to provide evidence that supports his conclusion. The correct answer must address this gap in the author’s reasoning.
10.
The reasoning in the argument ██ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████████
a
denies that an ███████████ ████ █ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █ ███████ ███ ██████████ ██ █ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████
The trait (A) is referencing is self-interest and the pattern is human action, but the author doesn’t say that self-interest can’t contribute to a causal explanation of human action. On the contrary, the author argues that self-interest is the main influence on human action.
b
takes the occurrence ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██ █ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ █████████ █████████ ███ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ██████
The author argues that simply because self-interest influences motives that influence all human actions, self-interest outweighs any other influences on human actions. The author errs by never addressing how self-interest is the main influence on human actions.
c
concludes that a ██████████████ ██ █ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ █████
The author never argues that self-interest influences human actions at some times and, therefore, influences similar patterns or classes of events at all times. He only argues that self-interest is the principal influence on human actions.
d
concludes that, because ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ █ ██████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ ████ █████████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██████
The author doesn’t make the case that self-interest is the only influence on human action. He just argues that self-interest is the chief influence on human action.
e
undermines its own ███████ ████ █ ██████████ █████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██████
The author’s only premise is that motives that influence all human actions come from self-interest. He never undermines this premise.