Self-study
Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. ████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ██████ █████████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ████ █████ █████████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ████████████ ███████████
Summary
Caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances.
Some people become unusually depressed, drowsy, or irritable if they don’t have the level of caffeine they’re used to.
As many people consume caffeine as consume any of the other addictive psychoactive substances. So, for example, if 100 people eat psychoactive substance X, then at least 100 people consume caffeine.
Notable Valid Inferences
There’s no clear inference that I’d have in mind. I’d just use process of elimination for the answer choices.
11.
Which one of the following ███ ██ █████████ █████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██████
a
There is no ████████████ █████████ ██ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ █████████
Could be false. We know that as many people CONSUME caffeine as consume other psych subs. That doesn’t mean the caffeine-consumers are addicted to it. Also, caffeine CAN BE as physically addictive as psych. substances. That doesn’t tell us how many people actually are addicted.
b
A physical addiction ██ █ ██████████ ████████████ █████████ ████ █████████ ████ ████ ██ ███████ █████████████ █████████
Could be false. We know “some” people have certain symptoms if they don’t have enough caffeine. That doesn’t mean these symptoms are “typical” results of addiction. “Typical” means most of the time.
c
Not all substances ██ █████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████████ ████████ ███ █████████████
Could be false. The stimulus only tells us about psychoactive substances. We have no idea whether there are substances that people can be addicted to that are NOT psychoactive.
d
If one is ██████████ ████████ ██ █ ████████████ ██████████ ███ ████ ██████ █████████ █████████ ████ ███ ██ ██ ██████ █████████ ████ ██████████
Could be false. We know “some” people become depressed from not getting enough caffeine. That doesn’t mean if you’re addicted to a substance, you “will” become unusually depressed if you don’t get the substance. We don’t know that result is guaranteed.
e
If alcohol is █ ██████████ █████████ ████████████ ██████████ █████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ███ ███████ ███████ ████ ███████ █████████
Must be true. Based on the last sentence. As many consume caffeine as consume any other addictive psych subs. So if alchohol is addictive psych subs., as many people consume caffeine as consume alcohol.