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When a comet breaks apart, it emits dust and gas that makes it appear brighter. So why did scientists observe a certain comet increase in brightness months before they observed it breaking apart?

The correct answer will explain why the comet’s visible increase in brightness preceded its fragmentation. Given that the release of gas and dust is what gives broken comets their brightness, one possibility is that the comet released gas and dust before it visibly split apart.

If comets release gas and dust only after breaking up, then we’d expect to see the breakup first, making the discrepancy even harder to resolve. The right answer must explain why the brightness increase was observed before the breakup.

This explains why comets appear brighter when they break, but the right answer must explain why the brightening was observed before the breakup in this case. This doesn't help us with that timing.

If gas and dust can be released before the comet fully breaks apart, then scientists could observe the comet brightening before they observed its fragmentation. This resolves the conflict.

This is redundant. We already know that the comet got visibly brighter before it was observed breaking up in November. The right answer must explain why the brightening was observed so early.

This explains why the comet broke apart, but the right answer must explain why scientists observed it brightening before it broke up. This doesn't tell us anything new about the brightening.

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