Ashley: Words like "of" and "upon," unlike "pencil" and "shirt," do not refer to anything.
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Ashley simply makes a factual statement about words—some don’t refer to anything. Joshua assumes that this implies that those words are meaningless.
We’re looking for an answer choice that describes the condition that Joshua implicitly employs to draw his conclusion (if a word doesn’t refer to anything, then it is meaningless).
Joshua's remarks indicate that he ███████████ ████████ █████████ ██ █████ ████
only words that █████ ██ █████████ ████ ███████
words that are ███ ██████ ███ ███████████
words that refer ██ █████████ ███ ██████████
if a word ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████
all words that █████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████