PT116.S1.P2.Q10 > Analytics

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In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███

Phenomenon · Code-switching

Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.

Explanation · Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors

Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.

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Explanation · Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs

Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.

Experimental Setup · To test effects of domains on code-switching

Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.

Results · 2 congruent factors

Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.

Results · 2 incongruent factors

Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.

Exceptions · Unexplained code-switching

Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.

Example · One family at home

Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.

Passage Style

Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)

Single position

10.

Based on the passage, which ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ██████████ ███████████████

Question Type

Application

Code-switching for rhetorical effect is described in the last paragraph. In the example provided, a family sometimes switches languages to express attitudes more emphatically. Let’s look for an answer that involves switching languages for the purpose of expressing something more emphatically.

A speaker who ████ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ █ ████████████ ████████████ ███ ████████ ██ ████████ █████ ██ ███████ █████████

This doesn’t involve switching languages for the purpose of expressing something more emphatically. Rather, the switch is done fo purely pragmatic reasons — the speaker doesn’t know certain words in one language and so chooses to use a different language to express the concepts she can’t express in the other language.

A person translating █ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████ ██████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ████████ █████ ██████

This doesn’t involve switching languages for the purpose of expressing something more emphatically. Also, it’s not clear that translating texts can be an instance of code-switching, which involves switching between languages in a single conversation.

For the purpose ██ ████████ ███████ ███████████ █ ██████████████ ███ █████████ ████ ███ ████████ █████████ ████████ ████████ ██ █ ██████ ████████ ████ ██ █████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████████

This doesn’t involve switching languages for the purpose of expressing something more emphatically. Rather, the switch is due to the situational factor of one’s audience.

A speaker who █████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███████ ██ ██████ ████ ███████████

This is the only answer that involves switching languages because of the way another language expresses something.

90%

A speaker who █████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████████ ████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ █████████

This doesn’t involve switching languages for the purpose of expressing something more emphatically.

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