Subscription pricing
passage 2
P1
In many bilingual communities of Puerto Rican Americans living in the mainland United States, people use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, alternating between them smoothly and frequently even within the same sentence. ████ █████████████████ ███████████████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Code-switching
Puerto Rican Americans use both English and Spanish in a single conversation, smoothly alternating between them.
Explanation ·
Most instances of code-switching can be explained by situational or rhetorical factors
Some exceptional cases of code-switching cannot be explained.
P2
█████████ ███ ████ ████ ██████████████ █████ ██████ █████ █████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ █████ ███████████ █████ ██ ██ ████████ ██ █████ █████████████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ██████████████ ███████ ███████████ ███ ██████████ ██ ██████████████ ███ ████████ █████████████ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ██ ████████ █████████ ████ ███ ████ ██ ██ ██████████ █ ███ ██ █████ ████ █████████ ███████ ███████████ █ ██████████████ ██████████ █████████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███ ███████ █████ █ █████ ██ ██████ █████ ████████ ████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ █████ ██████████████ ██████████ ████ ████ ████████ ███████ ███████████ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███████████ ███
Explanation ·
Domains or social context determine whether code-switching occurs
Main factors are setting, participants, and topic which combine into five domains: family; friendship; religion; education; and employment.
Experimental Setup ·
To test effects of domains on code-switching
Researchers create hypothetical situations with 2 congruent factors or 2 incongruent factors. Then, researchers ask students to determine the third factor and which mixture of language they would use.
Results ·
2 congruent factors
Prompted with participants: parent and child and topic: how to be a good son or daughter. Students chose setting as home and language was Spanish only.
Results ·
2 incongruent factors
Prompted with participants: priest and parishioner and setting: beach, students disagreed on third factor and mix of language.
P3
███ ███████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ███ ███████████████ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ██ █████ ██████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ██ ███ ███████ ████ █████ ███ █████ ██ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ████████ █████ ███ ████████ ███ ██ ██████ ████ ███ ████████ ██████████ ███ ███ █████ ██ █████ ███
Exceptions ·
Unexplained code-switching
Sometimes the domain predictions about code-switching are wrong.
Example ·
One family at home
Family thought they spoke only English but they code-switched to Spanish (even when situational factors didn't change) to express certain attitudes like intimacy or humor more emphatically.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis
Single position
13.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ █████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████████
a
In a previous ████████████ █████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ █████ █████████████ ████ ████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ███████████ ███████ ███████ ██████████████
b
In a subsequent ████████████ █████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████ █ ██████████ ███ ██ ███████████ ███████ ████████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████████████ █████████ ██ ███████████████
c
In a subsequent ████████████ █████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ████████ ███ █████ ████ ████████████ █████████ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ███████ ████████████
d
When asked about ███ ████████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ████████
e
Prior to their ███████████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ███ ███ ████████ █████ ██████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ █████ ██ █████████