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passage 4
P1
Faculty researchers, particularly in scientific, engineering, and medical programs, often produce scientific discoveries and invent products or processes that have potential commercial value. ████ ████████████ ████ ████████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████████ ██████████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████ █████ ████████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ██ █████████ █████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ █████████ █████ ███████████ ██████ ██████████ ██████████ █████████████ ███
Context ·
Faculty researchers produce discoveries with commercial value
Universities can profit by licensing those discoveries
Problem ·
Financially tempting for faculty to leave university and work for startup
If universities don't incentivize their faculty correctly, that is.
Solution ·
Reconsider universities IP policies to give faculty the right level of flexibility to profit from their inventions
So, is the issue that the universities are hoarding all the profit upside? I suppose if I made a huge biotech discovery, I wouldn't be too happy if my university didn't share the profit with me.
P2
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Classification of IP Policies ·
4 types
This is based on Patricia Chew's scholarship.
Type 1 ·
Supramaximalist
Everything belongs to the university. Even discoveries made while not at work.
Type 2 ·
Maximalist
Everything belongs to the university, except inventions unconnected to their employment.
Type 3 ·
Significant use
If "significant use" of university time and facilities involved, then university owns IP.
P3
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Commentary ·
University ownership is the rule, faculty ownership is the exception
Chew and others note that this is actually contrary to what common law assumes, which is that as a rule faculty own IP. Author claims most universities are taking advantage of their faculty when maximizing ownership and profit rights.
P4
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Type 4 (Solution) ·
Faculty-oriented
Faculty ownership is the rule, university ownership is the exception.
Passage Style
Problem-analysis
Single position
28.
The passage suggests each of ███ █████████ ███████
a
Supramaximalist institutions run ███ ████████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ ████ ██ ████████████ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ ██████████
b
A faculty-oriented institution ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ █████████ ██ █ ███████ █████████ ████ ██ █████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ████████████
c
Faculty at maximalist ████████████ ██████ ███████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ███████ █████ ███ █████████████ ██████████
d
There is little █████████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████████████ ███ ██████████ █████████████
e
The degree of █████████ ███████ ██ █ █████████████████ ███████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ██ █████