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An association between two types of conditions does not establish that conditions of one type cause conditions of the other type. ████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ███████████ ██ █████████████ ████ ███████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ██ ██████
Summary
Correlation does not imply causation, even when the correlation is strong. This is because two things that are correlated are often both caused by some external third factor.
Find or Complete the Application
We’re looking for the correct application of this principle. Fortunately, this is a classic description of one of the main flaws of concluding causation based on a correlation—ignoring that a third factor could explain the correlation. The right answer will simply conclude that a specific correlation does not imply causation because a third factor might have caused the relationship.
17.
Which one of the following █████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████ ██████
a
Some people claim ████ █████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ████ ██████ ██████████ ███ ████ ██ █ █████ █████ ████ █████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ███████████
b
People who have ████ █████ ████████ ████ ██ ██ ███████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ██████ ████████ ████ ██ █████████ █████████ ███ █████ ████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ████████████
c
In some areas, █████ ██ █ ████ ███████████ ███████ ███ █████ ███████████ ███ ███ █████ █████ ████ ███████████ ████ ████████ ███████ █████ ████████ ███ ██ ██████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ██████ █████████████
d
People's moods seem ██ ████ ████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ███████████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ███ █████ ██ ███ █████████
e
Linguists propose that ███ ████████████ ███████ █████ ███ █████ ███ ███ ██ █████ ██████ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ █████████ ███ ███ ███ ██ ██ ████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███ ███ ████████ ███ ██ ███ ███ █████████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ███ █████████ ███████ ███ ███████