Yang: Yeast has long been known to be a leaven, that is, a substance used in baking to make breads rise. █████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ██ ███ █████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ █████ ██ ██ █ ██████ ██ ████ █████
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Campisi concludes that Yang is not justified in inferring that yeast was known as a leaven in 1200 B.C. just because leavens were known at that time. Why? Because, according to Campisi, other leavens than yeast could have been known in 1200 B.C.
Campisi undermines Yang’s conclusion by introducing an alternative explanation to account for Yang’s evidence. The evidence only shows that some unspecified leaven was used in 1200 B.C., so by pointing out the possibility that other leavens than yeast could have been known at that time, Campisi offers an alternative explanation.
Campisi counters Yang's argument by
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questioning the truth ██ █ ███████████ ██████████ ██████ ████████
denying the truth ██ ██████ ██████████ ███████ ███████████ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ████ ██████████
pointing out that ███ ████████ ██ ██████ ████████ ████ ████████ ███████ █ ████████ ██████████
calling into question ███ █████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ██████ ████████