Self-study
On the basis of relatively minor morphological differences, some scientists suggest that Neanderthals should be considered a species distinct from Cro-Magnons, the forerunners of modern humans. ███ ███ ████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ██ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████████████ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████ █████████████ ███ ████ ██ ████ █████ ███ ████ █████ ██████████ ███ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ██████ ████ ████████ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████████ ███ ████ ███ █████████████ ███████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ █████ ██ █████████ █████████████
Summary
Some scientists think that Neanderthals are a different species from Cro-Magnons (the ancestors of modern humans) because of relatively minor morphological differences.
Both groups of hominids used exactly the same kinds of tools even in different environments.
The two groups would have used the same tools only if they faced the same daily challenges and met them in the same way.
The behavioral similarity shown in the tool use suggests that the two groups were members of the same species and that the morphological differences were from living in different environments.
Notable Valid Inferences
Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals faced the same daily challenges and met them in the same way.
22.
If the statements above are █████ ████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ████ ███████
a
Morphological differences between ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ███ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ████████
This could be true. The stimulus leaves open the possibility that two populations have morphological differences and are members of the same species.
b
The daily challenges ████ █████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ███ ███████████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ████████████
This must be false. We know that the two species lived in different environments, and we also can logically infer that they faced the same daily challenges and met them the same way (because species use the same tools only if they face the same daily challenges).
c
There are greater █████████████ ███████████ ███████ ███████████ ███ ██████ ██████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ ███████████ ███ █████████████
This could be true. The stimulus does not give any information that allows us to compare the extent of morphological differences between different species.
d
Use of similar █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ███ ██ ██ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████████
This could be true. Use of similar tools is given as a sufficient condition for facing the same daily challenges; there is no information that prevents use of similar tools from being a necessary condition for being the same species.
e
Through much of █████ ████████████ ███████████ ███ ████████████ ████ ██████████████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████
This could be true. We know that the two species were living in different environments; it could be the case that they were geographically isolated.