Self-study
P1
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. █ ██████ ██ ██████
Author's perspective ·
What we view as "cultures" are influenced by human biases and purposes
Present purposes affect the national identities we make from the past.
Example 1 ·
European accounts of Greek civilization ignored African and Eastern roots
This was done to support image of European cultural dominance.
P2
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Example 2 ·
Manufacturing and reinterpreting rituals and traditions
Europeans co-opted traditions of colonized people to portray legitimacy of European power. (Example: Queen Victoria and jamborees of India. The jamborees celebrated her rule, as if her rule was based on traditional custom.)
P3
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Example 3 ·
Colonized cultures also manufacture images about pre-colonial past
During wars of independence from their colonial occupiers, native cultures often create idealized images of what culture was like before colonization. (Example: Algeria.)
P4
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Author's takeaway ·
"Culture" is influenced by many things, including foreign elements
Passage Style
Single position
19.
Which one of the following █████ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██ ███
a
an annual ceremony ████ ██ ██ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████
It’s not clear how this ceremony help grant authority or legitimacy to a colonizing culture. It’s also not clear that this ceremony is manufactured or reinterpreted.
b
a religious service ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ████ ████████
It’s not clear how this ceremony helps grant authority or legitimacy to the colonizing culture. Gaining converts to a religion is not the same as helping to grant legitimacy to the colonizing culture. Also, this doesn’t involve manufacture or reinterpretation of the colonized culture’s tradition.
c
a traditional play ████ ██ ████ ██ █ █████████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ███ ██ ██████ ███████ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ███████
This doesn’t involve the manufacture or reinterpretation of a native culture’s traditions. It’s not clear that the colonizing culture is doing anything to the play besides watching it and appreciating it.
d
a ritual dance, █████████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ████████ ████ ██ ████████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████ ████████
This is most analogous. A native ritual is manufactured or reinterpreted in a way that helps grant legitimacy to the colonizing culture (by establishing a friendship between the colonizing and colonized cultures).
e
a traditional village ███████ ███████████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████ ████████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████
This doesn’t involve a manufacture or reinterpretation of the colonized culture’s tradition.