Planetary bodies differ from one another in their composition, but most of those in the Solar System have solid surfaces. ██████ ███ ████ ██ ████ █ █████████ ████ █████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ███ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ ██████ ███ █████████ ████ ████ █ █████ ███████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████ ████ ███ █████████ █████ ████ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ █ ████ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ████████ ████ █████ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ███ █████████ ████████
The stimulus throws a bunch of information at us about the surfaces of planetary bodies. These are conditional claims, so we can organize them by diagramming before we start looking for our must-be-true answer. We can also kick up the idea of "planetary bodies with solid surfaces" to the domain to simplify things.
1: /core generates enough heat for volcanic action → /surface renewed
2: /surface renewed → lots of craters
3: Earth's Moon/surface renewed AND Earth's Moonlots of craters
4: solid icy surface ←some→ /lots of craters
5: Europavery cold moon AND Europasolid icy surface AND Europa/lots of craters
We can also make a few up-front inferences that might help us find the correct answer. We can start by chaining together claims 1 and 2 and then see how that connects with some other claims.
1 + 2: /core generates enough heat for volcanic action → /surface renewed → lots of craters
contrapositive: /lots of craters → surface renewed → core generates enough heat for volcanic action
1 + 2 + 4: solid icy surface ←some→ core generates enough heat for volcanic action
1 + 2 + 5: Europacore generates enough heat for volcanic action
Although our list of inferences is not exhaustive, it still gives us enough to hunt for an answer. Each inference we identified must be true, so an answer choice that reflects one of them would be correct. If we don't find an answer we've predicted, we can revert to process of elimination. Above all, because this is a fairly complex stimulus, it's useful to link answer choices back to the stimulus. That will let us be more certain if they really must be true.
Analysis by AlexandraNash
If the claims above are █████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █████ ██ █████
The Earth’s Moon ████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████████
If a planetary ████ ████ ███ ████ █ ███████ ██████████ ████████ ███ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ███████
Some planetary bodies █████ █████ ████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ███ █████████
Some of Jupiter’s █████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ████████
Some very cold █████████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ████████ ███████