This does not state that the universe is older than previously estimated, nor does it provide a reason for concluding so. It remains unexplained why updating the stars’ distances resolves the apparent conflict between the age of the stars and the age of the universe.

This makes the resolution more surprising. Since the stars are more distant, they have a greater inherent brightness to achieve the same apparent brightness here on Earth. Therefore, this suggests the universe should be younger than previously estimated, not older.

This explains why correcting the stars’ distances resolves the conflict. If the stars are more distant than believed, they must have a greater intrinsic brightness to achieve the same apparent brightness. This means they are younger than the earlier estimates suggest.

This is not enough information to explain why the conflict is resolved. It is a generalization of the astronomer’s claim that farther stars must have a greater intrinsic brightness to achieve the same apparent brightness on Earth.

This is irrelevant information. Improved telescopes may explain how the stars’ distances were corrected, but not how that correction resolves the conflict regarding their age.