PT133.S1.Q25 > Question

SECTION 1 · lr

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SECTION 2 · lr

SECTION 3 · lr

SECTION 4 · rc

PASSAGE 1

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7

PASSAGE 2

Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Question 13 Question 14 Question 15

PASSAGE 3

Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 Question 19 Question 20 Question 21

PASSAGE 4

Question 22 Question 23 Question 24 Question 25 Question 26 Question 27

The counselor argues that harsh criticism is necessary to cause someone to change. Why? Firstly, a motive is necessary to cause someone to change. Secondly, unpleasant criticism provides a motive to change, and harsh criticism is unpleasant. This leads to the sub-conclusion that harsh criticism provides a motive to change.

This is a cookie-cutter flaw: confusing necessary and sufficient conditions. The counselor’s premises establish that harsh criticism is sufficient to motivate a change. However, the counselor concludes from this that harsh criticism is necessary for change. The incorrect inference here is that harsh criticism is necessary for motivation (with motivation being necessary for change).

The counselor establishes that harsh criticism is sufficient for motivation, but concludes that harsh criticism is necessary for change. We know that motivation is necessary for change, so the conclusion only works by inferring that harsh criticism is necessary for motivation.

The counselor isn’t concerned with criticism that has a goal other than bringing about change. The argument only concerns the relationship between types of criticism and change.

The counselor doesn’t claim that motivation is a sufficient condition for change, only a necessary condition.

The counselor never brings up or relies on the idea of a motive for avoiding something.

The counselor never considers another argument which has been refuted, and certainly doesn’t claim that the conclusion of a refuted argument is false.

PrepTest 133 - Section 1 - Question 25

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