PT134.S1.Q5 > Question

SECTION 1 · lr

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 Question 19 Question 20 Question 21 Question 22 Question 23 Question 24 Question 25

SECTION 2 · lr

SECTION 3 · lr

SECTION 4 · rc

PASSAGE 1

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6

PASSAGE 2

Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12

PASSAGE 3

Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 Question 19

PASSAGE 4

Question 20 Question 21 Question 22 Question 23 Question 24 Question 25 Question 26 Question 27

The argument concludes that discipline encourages misbehavior in dogs. This is supported by an observed correlation: dogs who are frequently disciplined misbehave more often than dogs who are rarely disciplined.

Based on a correlation between discipline and misbehavior, the argument concludes that discipline causes misbehavior. However, this overlooks an alternative explanation: the possibility that misbehavior causes discipline. If a dog misbehaves a lot, its owner might react by disciplining it more often than they would discipline a dog that rarely misbehaves.

The argument assumes a causal relationship between misbehavior and discipline where discipline causes misbehavior. But this overlooks a more plausible alternative: frequent misbehavior prompts—in other words, causes—frequent discipline.

Whether or not dogs learn how their owners will react to misbehavior isn’t relevant to the argument. The argument is about causally explaining a correlation between discipline and misbehavior, not about the exact mechanism for that relationship.

The argument only considers dogs, so other animals aren’t relevant.

The argument doesn’t make any claims about the skill of kennel club members in raising dogs relative to other dog owners.

It doesn’t matter to the argument whether kennel club members are more likely to use discipline, only that members who do use discipline often tend to have worse-behaved dogs.

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