Self-study
P1
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. ██ ██ ████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ███ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ████ █ █████ ████ ██ ████ █ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ████ ███
Most people's perspective ·
Moral duty to obey law because it's law; some rare exceptions
Philosophical anarchism (PA) ·
No moral duty to obey law just because it's law
Commentators' perspective ·
Reject PA because PA has 2 implications that are absurd
PA allegedly implies (1) all governments are morally equal, and (2) people are morally allowed to do whatever they want (kill people, commit fraud, etc.)
Rejection of commentator's perspective ·
PA does not have those 2 implications
P2
██████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ██ █ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ███████████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████████ ████ ███████████ ██ ████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ████ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ████ ███████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ████ ██████████ ███████████████ ███ █████████ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ██ █████████ ██████████ ████ █████████████ █████████ ██ ████ ████ ███████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ████████
Deny implication 1 ·
PA can hold that some governments are morally better than others
We can still evaluate morality of government policies/actions based on how much good and harm those policies/actions lead to.
P3
Deny implication 2 ·
PA doesn't have to think people can do whatever they want
People still have moral duties not to harm others (a duty that doesn't stem from law). Also, There's a moral duty to help others, which might justify supporting government policies/actions. And, there's a moral duty to follow laws if failing to follow them leads to harm.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
20.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
Some views that ███████ ████████████ ████████ ██ ██ ████████████ ██ █████████████ █████████ ███ ██████ █████████████████
The commentators
b
Contrary to what █████████████ ██████████ ██████ ████ ███████████ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ █████ ██████████ ███████████ ████ █████ ███████████ ██ ███ ████████
Anti-supported. The main point of the passage is to critique the commentators’ position. The author argues that believing that
c
It does not ██████ █████████ ████ █████████████ █████████ ████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ██████ ██████ ███ ████████
The commentators argue that PA has two counterintuitive implications: that no government is morally better than any other and that people have no moral duties toward one another. The main point of the passage is to criticize the commentators’ position and argue that these implications actually
d
Even if, as ███████ █████████████ ██████████ ██████ ████████████ ████ ████ █████ ██████ ██████ █████ ████ █ █████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████ ███ ████████
The main point of the passage is to criticize the commentators’ position and argue that PA doesn't have the two implications the commentators say it does. (D) describes a key piece of the author’s argument in P3, but it does not capture the main point.
e
Contrary to what ████ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████████ █████████████ █████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ████
Anti-supported. PA