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passage 4
P1
Most people acknowledge that not all governments have a moral right to govern and that there are sometimes morally legitimate reasons for disobeying the law, as when a particular law prescribes behavior that is clearly immoral. ██ ██ ████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ███ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ████ █ █████ ████ ██ ████ █ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ████ ███
Most people's perspective ·
Moral duty to obey law because it's law; some rare exceptions
Philosophical anarchism (PA) ·
No moral duty to obey law just because it's law
Commentators' perspective ·
Reject PA because PA has 2 implications that are absurd
PA allegedly implies (1) all governments are morally equal, and (2) people are morally allowed to do whatever they want (kill people, commit fraud, etc.)
Rejection of commentator's perspective ·
PA does not have those 2 implications
P2
██████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ██ █ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ███████████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████████ ████ ███████████ ██ ████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ████ █████ ██ █████ █████████ ████ ███████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ████ ██████████ ███████████████ ███ █████████ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ██ █████████ ██████████ ████ █████████████ █████████ ██ ████ ████ ███████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ████████
Deny implication 1 ·
PA can hold that some governments are morally better than others
We can still evaluate morality of government policies/actions based on how much good and harm those policies/actions lead to.
P3
Deny implication 2 ·
PA doesn't have to think people can do whatever they want
People still have moral duties not to harm others (a duty that doesn't stem from law). Also, There's a moral duty to help others, which might justify supporting government policies/actions. And, there's a moral duty to follow laws if failing to follow them leads to harm.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
22.
The author's stance regarding the ██████ ██ █████████████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ██
a
ardent approval of ████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████
b
apparent acceptance of ████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████
c
concerned pessimism about ███ ████████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ███████ █████
d
hesitant rejection of ████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████
e
resolute antipathy toward ████ ███ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████████