Self-study
Medical reporter: Studies have consistently found that Support taking an aspirin a day thins the blood slightly, thereby helping to prevent or reduce the severity of heart disease. █████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ██████████████ ████████ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ███████ █████ █████████ ██ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ██ ███████ █ ████
Summarize Argument
The medical reporter claims that most people in industrialized nations would benefit from taking an aspirin a day. This is because aspirin helps with heart disease, which is common in these nations.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The flaw here amounts to missing the key difference between what’s common and what’s true of most people. Heart disease may be one of the most common illnesses, but that doesn’t mean that the majority of people suffer from it. Since the conclusion is that aspirin will benefit most people in the nation, merely establishing that the illness it treats is common is not enough to justify it.
20.
The reasoning in the doctor's ████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████████
a
It takes for ███████ ████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ████ █████ ██ █████ ████████
The argument doesn’t claim that aspirin prevents heart disease, just that it improves health. The flaw lies in the presumption that this applies to most people in these nations.
b
It overlooks the ███████████ ████ ████ ██ █ ███████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ██ █ ███████ ████ ██████ ██ ████ ██████ ███ ███ ██ ███████████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████ ████████
This describes how the argument fails to justify the claim that aspirin would benefit the majority of people. Simply establishing that the disease it treats is common isn’t enough.
c
It overlooks the ███████████ ████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ████████ ██ ██████████████ ████████
This is irrelevant. The author's claim is that aspirin helps with heart disease, thereby improving health. The author assumes that this will help most people's health because heart disease is one of the most common illnesses in these countries. The author doesn't have to assume that helping with heart disease must have some effect on other diseases, too.
d
It fails to ███████ ███ ███████████ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ █ ███ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ████ █████████ ███████ ███ ██████████ █████ ████████
This is irrelevant because the doctor never claims that it’s the best at preventing the illness, only that it helps. The flaw is assuming that this would be helpful for most people in these countries.
e
It fails to ███████ ███ ███████████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████ █████████ ████ ██ ██████████████ ████████
The conclusion is limited to people in industrialized nations, so it doesn't matter whether the studies were conducted only in industrialized nations.