Self-study
Essayist: Winners of a Nobel prize for science, who are typically professional scientists, have all made significant contributions to science. ███ ███████ ██████████ ████ ████ ████████ ████ ███████████ ██████████████ ███ ██████ ████████████ ███████████ ███ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ █ ██████ ███ █████ ███████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █████████ ██████
Summary
The stimulus can be diagrammed as follows:
Notable Valid Inferences
Some scientists who have provided significant contributions are motivated by the love of discovery alone.
Some professional scientists have provided significant contributions to science.
21.
If the essayist's statements are █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████ ██ █████
a
Some amateur scientists ███ ███ ███ ███ █ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ████████████ ████ ███████████ █████████████ ██ ████████
This could be false. We don’t know anything about the group of amateur scientists who have not won a Nobel prize for science.
b
Typically, winners of █ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████████
This could be false. All we know about winners of a Nobel prize is that most of them are professional scientists and all of them have made significant contributions to science. We can’t make inferences about their motivations.
c
The love of █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████ ████ ███████████ █████████████ ██ ████████
This must be true. As shown below, there is some overlap between the group of scientists who have made significant contributions and those who are motivated by the love of discovery. “Many” translates to “some.”
d
Professional scientists have ████ █ ███████ ███████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ███████ ███████████
This could be false. We don’t have the information to compare the extent of overall contributions to science between professional and amateur scientists.
e
A professional scientist ██ ████ ██████ ██ ████ █ ███████████ ████████████ ██ ███████ ██ ██ ██ ███ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████████
This could be false. We don’t have any information that indicates how likely one is to make significant contributions to science depending on their motivations.