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In an effort to reduce underage drinking, the Department of Health has been encouraging adolescents to take a pledge not to drink alcohol until they reach the legal age. ████ █████ ██ ██ ███████████ █ ██████ ██ ███████████████████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ███ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ██████ █████ █ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ██████ ██████ █████ █████ ████ █ ███████
Summarize Argument
The author argues that there’s reason to believe that the government’s plan to reduce underage drinking by having adolescents take a pledge has been successful. This is because a survey of teenagers found that a number of non-drinkers took the pledge, whereas most drinkers didn’t.
Identify and Describe Flaw
This is a correlation-causation fallacy. The argument takes a weak correlation (the fact that some non-drinkers have taken the pledge) and attempts to use it as evidence that the pledge causes people to not drink. This is particularly weak because it’s likely tainted by selection bias, since people who already abstain from drinking would probably be more likely to take the pledge. Moreover, we don’t even know how strong the correlation is because “many who do not drink” is too vague to determine the pledge’s success rate.
24.
The reasoning in the argument ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ███████ ███ ████████
a
bases a conclusion █████ ███ ████████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ██████ ████████ ████████ ██████ ██ █ █████████ ████████ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████
b
fails to consider ████ ██ ███████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████ ████████ █████ ██ ████ █████████
c
infers from an ███████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ██ █████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ ███ █████ ██ ██████████ ████ ████████
d
treats a condition ████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ █████
e
confuses the claim ████ ████ ███████████ ███ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ██████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ██████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████