Subscription pricing
passage 2
Passage A.
P1
██ ███████ ███████ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ █ ████ ████ ███████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Honeybees can recruit nestmates to food source
How do they do it?
Hypothesis ·
By "dancing"
Note that the passage explicitly says that Aristotle didn't make this connection. He merely noted that honeybees "dance" for their nestmates but did not hypothesize that the "dance" was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
Dance deciphered
von Frisch figured out how to read the dance and was able to locate where food was.
Questions ·
What's the mechanism?
P2
██ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ██████████ █████████████ ████ ███████ █████████ ████ █████████████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ████ ███████████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███████ ███ █████ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███████████ ████ ██ ██████████ ████ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██████████ ████████ ████ █████████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ████████ ███████████ ███
Hypothesis ·
Wing vibrations
This would explain how bees can communicate in darkness but scientists (mistakenly) thought bees lacked hearing so this hypothesis was not taken seriously.
Hypothesis ·
Smell
P3
███ █████ ███ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ██████████████ ███
Counter Evidence ·
For smell hypothesis
Bees can send other bees to new locations which shouldn't be possible if ordor was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
For wing vibration hypothesis
Bee robot could effectively simulate dance through sounds
███████ █
P4
███ ███████ ███████████ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ████████████ ████████ ███
Context ·
All animals communicate
Main Point ·
But only some communicate symbolically
Example ·
Vervet monkeys
Experiment demonstrated that they have different alarm calls for snakes versus eagles.
P5
████ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ██ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████ ████████████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ █████ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ ████ ██ █████████ █████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █ ████ ███████ ███ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ ██ ██ ███
Example ·
Honeybees
Their dance is symbolically represents distance, direction, and quality of food source.
P6
█████ ██ ██ ████ ████ ████ ████ █ ██████ ███████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ █████████████ ██████ ████ ███ ████████████ █████████ █████ █████ ███████ ████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ █████████ █████████████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ █ ██████
Example ·
Bees ignore some communications, suggesting symbolic communication
Experiment revealed that bees ignored dances that communicated information about presence of food in unlikely sources suggesting that communication in bees is symbolic and has a level of interpretation.
Passage Style
8.
The passages have which one ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██ ███████
a
arguing that certain ████████ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ████████████
b
illustrating the sophistication ████ █████ ███████ ████████ ███████████
c
describing certain scientific ███████ █████████ ████ ██████ █████████████
d
airing a scientific ███████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████
e
analyzing the conditions █ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ██████████ █ ████████