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passage 3
P1
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account for this highest level of performance. ███
Phenomenon / OP Hypothesis ·
Exceptional performance explained by innate talent
Evidence for OP Hypothesis ·
Heritability of traits; inborn traits like motor coordination, reflex speed, etc.
P2
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Critique ·
Not much systematic research
Existing estimates of heritability based on general population, not exceptional performers.
Alternative Hypothesis ·
Exceptional performance explained by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations
Evidence for Alternative Hypothesis ·
Exceptional performance is localized to the particular domain
For example, Michael Jordan's adventures in baseball. Chess players have exceptional memories but only for typical configurations of chess pieces.
P3
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Evidence ·
Supporting acquired trait hypothesis and countering innate ability hypothesis
Most exceptional adults were not exceptional children; they trained early; skills like memory and ability to process information acquired; most traits (e.g. aerobic capacity and percentage of muscle fibers) can be altered by training.
P4
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Conclusion ·
Evidence does not support innate ability hypothesis
Because extended intense training along with a common level of talent can explain the difference in performance.
Implications ·
Motivation as better predictor of superior performance
Because sustained training depends on level of interest, hence motivational factors are better predictors of superior performance than innate talent.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
19.
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a
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b
some types of ███████ █████████ ███████ ███████ ██████████
c
some chess games ████ ████ ███ ████ ██████████ ███████████
d
some kinds of ████████████ ██ █████ ██████
e
some types of ███████ █████████ ███████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ███████████