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In an experiment, two groups of mice—one whose diet included ginkgo extract and one that had a normal diet—were taught to navigate a maze. ███ ████ █████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ████████ ███ ████ ███ ████ ███ ████ ████ ███ █████ █████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ████████ ████████ ███████ █████ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████ ████ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ ███████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The author hypothesizes that although mice given ginkgo extract remembered a maze better, ginkgo may not have directly enhanced memory. Instead, the implied claim is that ginkgo indirectly improved the mice's memory by lowering their stress. This is because ginkgo lowers stress levels, and memory is enhanced when very high stress levels are reduced.
The author draws a hypothesis based on experimental observations. However, we're not directly trying to weaken the experimental finding that ginkgo improved memory, but rather the proposed mechanism for how that occured. To weaken this hypothesis, we can find evidence that ginkgo does in fact directly improve memory. We can also attack the relevance of ginkgo's stress-reducing properties to this specific experiment.
12.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████
a
The doses of ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████ █████████████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █████
b
Neither the mice ███ ████████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████████ █████████████ █████ ██ ██████████████████ ███████
c
Some chemical substances ████ ██████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █████ ███████████ ██████ █████ ███████
d
Scientists have not ███ ██████████ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ █████
e
The mice who ████████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ███ █████