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Astronomer: Proponents of the hypothesis that life evolved extraterrestrially and drifted here in spores point out that, 3.8 billion years ago, Earth was bombarded by meteorites that would have destroyed any life already here. ███ ███ ███████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ████ █████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ███ ███████ █████ █████████ ███ █████████ █████████████ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ████████ ███ ████ ██████ █████ █████████ █████████ ███████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████████████████████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███████████ █████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
The author concludes that there is good reason to regard as false the view that life evolved outside of Earth and drifted to Earth on spores. This is based on the fact that proponents of this view have not offered positive support for their view. Rather, they offer only arguments against the view that life evolved on Earth.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The author assumes that the proponents’ failure to provide evidence for their theory constitutes a reason to think their view is false. This overlooks the fact that their view can be true, despite the proponents’ failure to offer evidence for it.
9.
The reasoning in the astronomer's ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███ ████████
a
concludes, simply because █████ ██ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ██ █ ███████████ ████ █████ ██ ████████ ███████ ████ ██████████
b
fails to justify ███ █████ ████ ███ ████ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████████ ███████████
c
reasons that a ██████████ ██ █████ ██████ ███████ █████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██████ ██ ██ ████
d
attempts to derive █ ██████████ ████ ████████ ████ ██████████ ██
e
grants the truth ██ ██████ ████ ███ ████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████████