Steele claims to have found evidence for Lamarckian hereditary mechanism in the immune system. Not sure what this means but presumably the rest of the passage will flesh this out.
How does our immune system work? If knowledge of how to defend against attacks are coded in the genes, how does it defend against a new disease, something it's never encountered before?
Partial Explanation ·Some immune system cells mutate a lot
The immune system doesn't know. But "typo" mutations (when an error occurs when transcribing DNA into RNA) happen a lot which allows immune system to test different defenses.
Steele hypothesizes that the "typo" mutations that end up working gets coded back into the immune cell's DNA. Steele further hypothesizes that a virus then carries the altered immune cell DNA into the DNA of the reproductive cells. That's the mechanism by which an environmentally induced adaptation (in the immune cell) gets inherited.
Not supported, because the author never endorses Steele’s hypothesis. We don’t know that the author thinks Steele’s proposed mechanism for passing along acquired characteristics actually occurs.
b
Steele and his ██████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████████ ██ ██████ ██████
Supported, because the author notes that reverse transcription has been observed “in other contexts,”. If it had been observed in immune cells, then it wouldn’t make sense for the author to mention that it’s been observed in other contexts without also mentioning that it’s been observed in immune cells. Furthermore, the author states that Steele “hypothesizes” that altered RNA is reverse transcribed back into DNA. If he had actually observed this occuring, it would be strange for the author to describe Steele as “hypothesizing” this occurrence, which implies that Steele doesn’t know whether this occurs.
Not supported, because the author never endorses Steele’s hypothesis. We don’t know that the author thinks Steele’s proposed mechanism for passing along acquired characteristics actually occurs.
Although Steele’s hypothesis happens to involve the immune system, the author doesn’t suggest that the passage of acquired characteristics is limited to the immune system.
Although the author does call Steele’s theory speculative, this doesn’t imply that she believes any hypothesis that can’t be confirmed by direct observation is speculative. We can’t say that she thinks, for example, Darwin’s theory of evolution is speculative. In addition, the author doesn’t believe Steele’s theory isn’t “science.” Something can be science and still speculative. The author never draws a division between speculation and science.
Difficulty
52% of people who answer get this correct
This is a very difficult question.
It is slightly harder than the average question in this passage.
CURVE
Score of students with a 50% chance of getting this right
25%150
162
75%175
Analysis
Author’s perspective
Implied
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
Science
Answer Popularity
PopularityAvg. score
a
3%
157
b
52%
165
c
6%
159
d
12%
162
e
27%
160
Question history
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