Self-study
Support For a computer to be intelligent, it must possess at least one of three qualities: creativity, self-awareness, or the ability to learn from its mistakes. ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███████████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ ██ ████████████
Method of Reasoning
The argument proceeds by presenting a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition (if a computer is intelligent, then it’s either creative, self-aware, or can learn). It then shows the absence of two of the necessary conditions before reaching the valid conditional conclusion that, if the sufficient condition is met, then the remaining part of the necessary condition must be met.
23.
Which one of the following █████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████
a
Every vaccine is ██████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████ ███████ █ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██████ █████ ██████ ██████████ ███████ █ ████ ██ ██ ████████████████ ████████
Mismatched premises and conclusion. (A) presents a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition, but it then presents the presence of the sufficient condition (vaccine X being a vaccine) as a fact. The stimulus, meanwhile, reaches the conditional conclusion that if the sufficient condition is met, then part of the necessary condition must be met, so (A) doesn’t match.
b
Every commonly used ███████ ██ ██████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████ ███████ █ ██ ███ █ █████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██████████ ██ ██ ██ █ ████████ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████
(B) proceeds by presenting a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition. It then shows the absence of two of the necessary conditions before reaching the valid conditional conclusion that, if the sufficient condition is met, then the remaining part of the necessary condition must be met.
c
Every vaccine is ██████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ███████ █ ██ ███ █ █████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████
Mismatched conclusion. (C) presents a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition. It then reaches the valid conditional conclusion that, if a vaccine does not satisfy two parts of the necessary condition, then it must satisfy the remaining part. The stimulus, however, reaches the conditional conclusion that if the sufficient condition is met, then the remaining necessary condition must be met, so (C) doesn’t match.
d
Every commonly used ███████ ██ ██████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████ ███████ █ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ██ ██████ █ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ████████ ██████████ ██ ██ ██ ███ █ ██████████ ████████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ██ ████████████████ ████████
Mismatched conclusion. (D) proceeds by presenting a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition. It then shows the absence of one of the necessary conditions before reaching the conditional conclusion that if another one of the necessary conditions is absent, then the remaining necessary condition must be met. The stimulus, however, concludes that if the sufficient condition is met, the remaining necessary condition must be met, so (D) doesn’t match.
e
Every commonly used ███████ ██ ██████ █ ██████████ ████████ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████████ ███████ ███████ █ ██ ███ ██ ████████████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ █ ████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ██ ███ █ ██████████ ████████
Mismatched conclusion. (E) proceeds by presenting a conditional statement with three variables in its necessary condition. It then shows the absence of one of the necessary conditions before reaching the conditional conclusion that if another one of the necessary conditions is absent, then the remaining necessary condition must be met. The stimulus, however, concludes that if the sufficient condition is met, the remaining necessary condition must be met, so (E) doesn’t match.