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Researchers asked 100 fifty-year-olds and 100 twenty-year-olds whether they gave blood. Because nearly twice as many fifty-year-olds as twenty-year-olds reported that they sometimes gave blood, the researchers concluded that, on average, fifty-year-olds are more altruistic than twenty-year-olds. But there is reason for skepticism. Many people hesitate to admit that their behavior does not conform to societal expectations.
5.
The reasoning above calls into question a conclusion drawn from statistical data by
a
showing that the data are based on an unrepresentative sample
b
offering an alternative explanation of some of the data
c
showing that one cannot directly observe altruism
d
criticizing the motives of the researchers
e
offering a specific counterexample