Self-study
A popular book argues that people who are successful in business have, without exception, benefited from a lot of luck on their way to success. ███ ████ ██ ███████████ ██████ ███ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██████ █████ ████ ███████ ████████ █ ███ ██ ████ █████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
A book argues that people who are successful in business have always benefited from luck.
The author concludes that the book is wrong. This is based on the fact that success requires hard work.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The author misinterprets the book’s claim as a statement about what’s sufficient for success. The book actually says that luck is necessary for success in business. But the author thinks the book says that luck is sufficient for success. This is what makes the author think that pointing out success requires hard work shows that the book is wrong. The author’s trying to prove that luck alone, without hard work, won’t lead to success. This point, however, is irrelevant to what the book actually said.
15.
The argument commits which one ██ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ ██████████
a
It mistakes the █████ ████ █████████ ██ ████████ ███ █ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ████ ██ ██ ██████████ ███ ████ ████████
The book claimed that luck is required for business success. But the author interprets that as a claim that luck is sufficient for business success. This confusion is why the author thinks hard work being required for success proves the book wrong.
b
It accepts a ████ ██ █████████████ ███████ ████████████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████
The author does not accept any view as authoritative. The author tries to prove the book’s claim is false.
c
It takes for ███████ ██ █ ███████ ████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ███████████
(C) describes circular reasoning. The author’s conclusion is not restated in a premise.
d
It treats an ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ████ ██████
The argument isn’t causal. The author’s trying to disprove the book’s claim by indicating that hard work is required for success. This argument involves sufficiency and necessity, not cause.
e
It attacks the ██████ ██ ██ ████████ ██████ ████ █████████ ███ █████████ ██ ████ █████████
There’s no attack on the source of the book’s claim.