Self-study
P1
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. ███ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ███████████ ██████████ ████ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████ █████ █████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ████ ██████████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████████████ ███ █████ ██ ██████
Problem ·
Malian artifacts looted
Mali government outlawed excavating and exporting artifacts. Couldn't enforce the laws. Looting and selling on the black market. Loss of archaeological knowledge.
P2
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Potential Solution ·
UNESCO declares these artifacts as "cultural property"
The artifacts are property of the culture (as opposed to private property). Many countries strengthened UNESCO doctrine by prohibiting export of "cultural property."
P3
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Application to Mali ·
It would seem that these artifacts are protected by UNESCO doctrine
Problem with UNESCO Doctrine ·
Disincentivizes good record keeping
Because records are evidence of illegal black market activities.
P4
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Alternative Solution ·
Legalize, regulate, and tax
Mali could have legalized and regulated excavation and taxed export. This would have been a better solution.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
13.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ████ ████████████
a
appreciation of their ███████ ██ ████████ ████████ █████████
Unsupported. The passage never indicates that these collectors make efforts to preserve cultural artifacts (we only know that they buy these artifacts), and the author doesn’t show appreciation for their efforts.
b
approval of their █████████ ████████
This is
c
dismay at their ███████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███████████ ██ ████████ █████████
Unsupported. The author never indicates that the foreign collectors are responsible for taking action against illegal exportation.
d
frustration with their ████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ████
Unsupported. The author never expresses frustration with the foreign collectors; the author only reports that the foreign collectors buy illicitly excavated sculptures and that these collectors are right to admire the sculptures.
e
sympathy with their ███████
Unsupported. We don’t know these collectors’ motives, and we don’t know if the author is sympathetic with their motives.