Self-paced
P1
In a typical Hollywood action movie, the hero skirts death to complete a mission. ███ ████ ██████ ████ ████████ ███████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ███ ██ █████ ██████ ████████ ████ █ ██████ ████████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ █████ ███ ███ ████ █████████
P2
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Analogy ·
Our universe resembles an action movie
In an action movie, one little change in events could kill the hero; in our universe, one little change in laws of physics could make life impossible
Support analogy ·
E.g. of strong nuclear force
Small change in strong nuclear force would have major impacts
Phenomenon ·
Ability of our universe to support life is improbable yet true
We could ask: if such a universe is so unlikely, how did it come to be?
P3
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Cosmologists' Hypothesis ·
Multiverse theory
Many universes, so better chances of at least one (ours) supporting life
P4
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Basis of cosmologists' hypothesis ·
Hard to identify alternative laws of physics that still support life
If it's hard to identify any other laws of physics that would support life, then a universe that does support life seems unlikely
P5
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Criticism ·
Basis of cosmologists' hypothesis is flawed
Conventional approach is to change only one known feature ("constant") of physics at a time, but this approach is flawed
Author's hypothesis ·
Ability of our universe to support life is not actually improbable
Author's methodology suggests many different sets of physical laws could support life, so the ability to support life is not as unlikely as others think
P6
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Limit criticism ·
Multiverse theory not necessarily wrong
Even if a universe that supports life is more probable than cosmologists believed, there are still reasons to accept the multiverse theory
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
10.
The final paragraph of the ███████ █████████ █████████ ██
a
demonstrate the inadequacy ██ ███ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████
The last paragraph has moved past criticism of the fine tuning view. It’s about the impact of the author’s findings on the multiverse theory. The author does not criticize the fine tuning view in the last paragraph.
b
indicate the kinds ██ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████████ ███ ██ ████████
The author does not suggest directions for future research in the last paragraph. Rather, she shows that her findings concerning fine tuning do not establish that the multiverse theory is wrong.
c
discuss the implications ██ ███ ████████ ████████
This best captures the purpose of the last paragraph. The author discusses the implications of her research on the multiverse theory. Although her research criticizes the fine tuning view, it does not show that the multiverse theory is wrong.
d
consider two potential ████████████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████
The last paragraph doesn’t raise any counterarguments to the author’s criticism of fine tuning. In the last paragraph, the author explains that her criticism of fine tuning does not establish that the multiverse thory is wrong.
e
suggest a course ██ ██████ ███████████████ ██ ████ ███ ████████ ███████████
The author does not suggest directions for future experimentation in the last paragraph. Rather, she shows that her findings concerning fine tuning do not establish that the multiverse theory is wrong.