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passage 1
The following passage was written in the mid-1990s.
P1
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Intro topic ·
Evidence that earth's atmosphere is warming unusually fast
Warmed about .5 degree Celsius over the last 100 years. This is unprecedented in the previous 1,000 years.
Hypothesis ·
Global warming is connected to the greenhouse effect
Elevated levels of certain gases can trap heat in the atmosphere. Some think this is one cause of global warming.
P2
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Challenge to hypothesis ·
Expected temperature increase from greenhouse effect is higher than actual increase
Opponents of the greenhouse effect connection to global warming used this data to question the theory.
New evidence that fixes problems with old ·
Actual temperatures now match expected temperatures, after accounting for sulfates
Sulfates can lead to cooler temperatures by reflecting energy back into space. After we account for this, models of the greenhouse effect match actual temperatures.
P3
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Another challenge to hypothesis ·
Warming might be due to variations in solar energy
Some scientific models show strong correspondence between solar activity and atmospheric temperature changes.
Challenge fails ·
Solar activity models can't explain entire recent rise in temperature
Average atmospheric temperature fluctuates over long term, but used to be very stable. The solar activity corresponds to those fluctuations. But the recent increase in temperature goes beyond the most extreme fluctuations; these don't fit the model.
Conclusion ·
Greenhouse effect is best explanation for global warming
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis
3.
Which one of the following ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
the way in █████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ██████ ██ ████████████
b
that airborne sulfates ███ ███ ████ ██████████ █████
c
the usual duration ██ ███ █████ ██ ███████ █████ ██████ ██████
d
predictions as to ███ ███████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███
e
an example of █ █████████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████