Self-study
P1
Common sense suggests that we know our own thoughts directly, but that we infer the thoughts of other people. ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ██████████████ ███ ███████████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███
Standard assumption ·
We know our own thoughts directly
For other people, we must infer their thoughts.
Counter-evidence ·
Children often describe their own thoughts incorrectly
(Not sure what this means. How can we even know that these descriptions are incorrect? Let's keep going.)
Psychologists' perspective ·
We infer our own thoughts and don't know them directly
(Not sure what this means, either. So, we make conclusions about what we think? Going to need the passage to explain things here.)
P2
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Analogy ·
Why do we mistakenly believe that we know our own thoughts directly? Consider the nature of expertise.
Elaborate on analogy ·
Expertise makes us think we see relationships directly, when we're really just making very quick inferences
Example: chess experts' ability to "see" whether a position is weak or strong. Experts make inferences so fast they don't notice they're making them. And we are experts in our own thinking, so we don't notice our own inferences.
P3
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Mistaken implication of psychologists' perspective ·
Might seem that psychologists are saying we infer our own thoughts based on observations of our own behavior
The phrase "perilously close" indicates the author thinks that it would be dangerous for someone to think we infer thoughts based on our own behavior.
Clarification ·
Psychologists say we infer thoughts based on internal feelings and emotions
So, we're not making inferences based on seeing our own external behavior.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
11.
Which one of the following ██ ████ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ██████████ █████ █████ █████████
a
An anthropologist cannot ████████ ███ ███ ███████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ █████████ █████ ████ ███ ████████
This is most analogous. This anthropologist is so familiar with their own culture — just as people are so expert at making inferences — that they don’t notice certain workings of their culture — just as people don’t notice the indirect way they make inferences. You might not think it’s a perfect analogy, but there’s no better answer.
b
Science is limited ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███ █████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████
This doesn’t contain an element analogous to becoming more expert at something.
c
As they develop, ████████ ██████ ████████████ ███████████ ████ ██████ ███████████ ███ █████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ████ ████████ ████████████
Children becoming more comfortable with formal abstraction is arguably analogous to becoming more expert at something. But in order for (C) to be correct, we need the children to then fail to notice something about formal abstraction. (C) is missing that component.
d
Judges are barred ████ ██████ █████ █████████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ██ █ █████████ ████████ ██ █████████
This doesn’t contain an element analogous to becoming more expert at something.
e
A ship's commander ████ ████████ ███████ ██████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ███ ██████████
This doesn’t contain an element analogous to becoming more expert at something.