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passage 4
Passage A.
P1
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Trial court judges oppose independent research ·
They say it distorts the adversarial system and that judges aren't that good at research
P2
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Author's criticism ·
The judges' concerns don't justify an absolute ban on independent research by judges
Support 1 ·
Adversarial system doesn't handle specialized knowledge (like science) well
Independence research for specialized knowledge can help.
P3
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Support 2 ·
Trial structure reduces possibility of reaching bad research results
Independent research only supplements the parties' evidence.
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P4
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Author's perspective ·
Appellate courts should not do independent research
Trial court judges can do whatever they want. But appellate courts shouldn't do research.
P5
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Support ·
Appellate courts don't have important tools for figuring out what's true
Live testimony from experts can help judges understand scientific stuff, and cross-examination of those experts can help discover what's true. Appellate judges don't get these things, since they happen only at the trial level.
P6
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Support ·
Trial courts determine the facts; appellate courts shouldn't intrude on this
P7
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Support ·
Appellate courts who do research risk reaching bad results; they also shouldn't read stuff that wasn't presented to the trial court
Passage Style
22.
It can be inferred that ████ ██████ █████ █████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███████████ █████████ ████ ████████
a
should be constrained ██ ███ █████████ ██ █ █████
b
is typically confined ██ █████████ ████████ ███████
c
replaces, rather than ████████████ ███████████████ ████████
d
should be conducted ██ ███ █████ █████ ███ ███ ██ ███ █████████ █████
e
usurps the trial ███████ ████████████ ████████